Chase &
Simon, 1973 explored the differences between expert and novice thinking in
chess players. Although experts and novices have similarly “severe short term
memory limits”, experts do show a difference in the ability to encode structures
into chunks. Researchers used a “perception task” and a “memory task” to “discover
and characterize” these chunks. The data supports the hypothesis that expert
players can code structures into larger perceptual chunks.
Chi et al.,
1981 explored the differences between expert and novice thinking in physics
problem solving. They used several procedures to explore this question; subjects
first sorted a number of physics problems into different self described categories,
and described a basic approach they would use to solve the problems. The study
showed that experts processed problems at a deeper level; not only did they take
more time to sort the problems, but they found more underlying similarities
among problems. Experts used basic physics principles to sort problems whereas
novices relied heavily on surface features to sort problems.
Taken
together, these studies show that experts are better at seeing the “big picture”
– they appear to have formed larger and fewer schemas so that more connections
can be made between seemingly disparate subjects. In contrast, novices appear
to focus more on details and fail to perceive the underlying principles of
problems. Interestingly, there are several classroom activities that encourage
novices to think like experts. For example, concept maps can help students make
connections between a certain topic and a “big idea” such as the conservation
of energy. A “card sort” is another activity in which students sort ideas into
larger categories according to larger principles. It remains to be seen whether
it is possible to speed up or even skip the transition from novice to expert
thinking. If it were possible to skip the transition, would it be desirable?
I like how you have taken you experience in the classroom and applied it to these readings. What is a concept map and card sort? I am interested in how I could apply this to my future classroom! I also wonder about whether skipping over novice thinking altogether would be a good thing. I don't think it would be but I am honestly on the fence as to why.
ReplyDeleteI agree with Rebecca; I'd like to know what a concept map and card sort are. They sound useful. One thing the Chi paper said is that the expert versus novice schemata are informed by the knowledge of each. I don't think it's possible to completely skip the transition from novice to intermediate to expert thinking, but we can and should try to hurry the transition along. It is highly probable that expert thinking may be applied to other fields. For example, a physics professor who takes an interest in history may immediately begin looking for the common threads between several seemingly disparate events, including recent or current events.
ReplyDeleteThanks for the comments! A concept map is kind of like a diagram that students make with existing information - they need to graphically represent the connections between different things. A Venn Diagram could be considered to be a type of concept map, but concept maps can be much more complex than Venn diagrams.
ReplyDeleteA card sort is a fun activity in which students are given a bunch of cards with different ideas, descriptions, or problems (for example, different forms of energy); they are given a few different categories and they need to decide which category each card belongs to.